2018年英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的考點(diǎn)
英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法是2018英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)考生復(fù)習(xí)初期首先要打好基礎(chǔ)的部分，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法貫穿于整個(gè)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)四考試中，尤其是應(yīng)用于英語(yǔ)四級(jí)完形填空及英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)題型，下面是應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)為大家整理的2018年英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的考點(diǎn)，希望對(duì)大家有用。
一、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 構(gòu)成
was / were+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。
2. 基本用法
(1) 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
What were you doing this time yesterday? 你昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候在干什么?
Granny fell asleep when she was reading. 奶奶看書(shū)時(shí)睡著了。
He was writing a book about grammar last year, but I don’t know whether he has finished it.他去年在寫(xiě)一本語(yǔ)法方面的書(shū)，但我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否寫(xiě)完了。
What were you talking about just now? 你們剛才在談什么?
He was working from 7 to 11 last night. 昨晚他從七點(diǎn)一直工作到十一點(diǎn)。
(2) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與 always, forever, continually等副詞連用，表示滿意、稱(chēng)贊、驚訝、厭惡等表示感情色彩。如：
My brother was always losing his keys. 我哥哥老是丟鑰匙。
The boy was continually asking the same question. 這個(gè)男孩子老是問(wèn)同一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
(3)動(dòng)詞wonder, hope, think, want等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示語(yǔ)氣委婉、客氣。如：
We were wondering if you would stay with us for lunch. 我不知你能否留下來(lái)和我們一起吃午飯。
I was hoping you give me a chance to try the job. 我很希望你給我一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)試一試這個(gè)工作。
(4)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)。如：
—What were you doing when he came to see you?
—I had just finished my homework and was leaving to
He said his brother was leaving for Japan tomorrow. 他說(shuō)他哥哥明天要去日本。
3. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)通常表示一個(gè)過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則通常表示一個(gè)過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
I was reading the newspaper last night. 我昨晚在看書(shū)。(不一定看完)
I read the newspaper last night. 我昨晚看了報(bào)紙。(已經(jīng)看完)
He was building a model ship out of wood. 他在那里修一座橋。(不一定建成)
He built a model ship out of wood. 他用木頭造了個(gè)模型船。(已建成)
(2) 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如rain, snow, cough, wear, feel, work等的一般過(guò)去時(shí)并不表示動(dòng)作完成，這時(shí)用兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以，且含義區(qū)別不大。如：
It snowed / was snowing all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雪。
She didn’t feel / wasn’t feeling well that day. 那天她感到不太舒服。
The child coughed / was coughing all night. 這孩子咳嗽了一整夜。
二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1. 構(gòu)成
助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。
2. 基本用法
(1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)(“已完成”)。句中常用by , before , until , when 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來(lái)他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西)
I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我見(jiàn)到史密斯先生了，自從離開(kāi)巴黎后我們還一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
By the end of the year no decision had been made. 到年底也沒(méi)有做出任何決定。
He had left when I arrived. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)。
(2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去(未完成)。如：
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 他睡覺(jué)之前，工作了12小時(shí)。
The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)演五分鐘了。
We had scarcely reached the school before it began to rain. 我們剛到學(xué)校天就下雨了。
(3) 某些動(dòng)詞如intend / think / plan / expect / hope等的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望或打算。如：
I had intended to come to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. 我原打算昨晚來(lái)看你，但有人來(lái)訪，我拖不開(kāi)身。
He had hoped to find a job soon.他本來(lái)希望很快找到工作。
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來(lái)，但有事就沒(méi)有來(lái)。
(4)過(guò)去完成時(shí)用在hardly / scarcely…when…和no sooner…than 固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began. 地上的霜一消散，人們就開(kāi)始工作了。
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他剛一到, 她就開(kāi)始抱怨起來(lái)。
(5) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)用于條件分句或wish / would rather等后面的that從句中，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望。如：
I would have met him, if I had come this morning. 今天早晨我來(lái)的話，就會(huì)見(jiàn)到他了。
I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我昨天見(jiàn)到你多好。
He would rather she had lent him more money than she did.他本希望她借給他的錢(qián)更多些。
3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前(即過(guò)去的過(guò)去)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間，即它相對(duì)于一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)間而言，并在其過(guò)去。這種相對(duì)的“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”有時(shí)通過(guò)一定的時(shí)間副詞(狀語(yǔ))體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，有時(shí)則可能是通過(guò)一定的上下文來(lái)體現(xiàn)：
I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丟失的表。
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安靜，大家都睡覺(jué)了。
—Was Jack at the office? —杰克在辦公室嗎?
— No, he’d gone home. 不在，回家了。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但有時(shí)某個(gè)動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，但卻也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如：
�、佼�(dāng)幾個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作用and, then, but等連接, 且按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序表達(dá)時(shí)，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
She set out soon after dark and arrived home one hour later. 他天黑后不久動(dòng)身，一小時(shí)后到家。
On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期六下午，格林夫人去市場(chǎng)買(mǎi)了些香蕉，看了她的堂兄。
I bought a radio but lost it. 我買(mǎi)了一部收音機(jī)，但丟了。
�、谟蒩fter, before, as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，由于這些連詞已經(jīng)清楚地表明了主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后順序，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
I told them the news after you (had) left. 你走后我把這消息告訴了他們。
As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again. 我剛把電話一放下，它又響了。
�、墼谝欢ǖ恼Z(yǔ)境中，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)想法或打算的過(guò)去完成時(shí)也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示：
He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同我們一起來(lái)的，但他太忙了。
I thought I could go, but I can’t. 我原認(rèn)為我能去，但我(現(xiàn)在)去不了。
【注】若沒(méi)有明確的語(yǔ)境，則宜用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，否則可能有歧義，如說(shuō)I hoped to pass the examination. 它只表明過(guò)去想通過(guò)考試，但并未說(shuō)明通過(guò)與否。如說(shuō) I had hoped to pass the examination，則表示過(guò)去想通過(guò)考試，但實(shí)際上未通過(guò)。不過(guò)在過(guò)去式后接不定式的完成式也可明確表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，如 I hoped to have passed the examination。
三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1. 構(gòu)成
助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。
2. 基本用法
(1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)(“已完成”)。句中常用by , before , until , when 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來(lái)他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西)
I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我見(jiàn)到史密斯先生了，自從離開(kāi)巴黎后我們還一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
By the end of the year no decision had been made. 到年底也沒(méi)有做出任何決定。
He had left when I arrived. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)。
(2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去(未完成)。如：
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 他睡覺(jué)之前，工作了12小時(shí)。
The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)演五分鐘了。
We had scarcely reached the school before it began to rain. 我們剛到學(xué)校天就下雨了。
(3) 某些動(dòng)詞如intend / think / plan / expect / hope等的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望或打算。如：
I had intended to come to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. 我原打算昨晚來(lái)看你，但有人來(lái)訪，我拖不開(kāi)身。
He had hoped to find a job soon.他本來(lái)希望很快找到工作。
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來(lái)，但有事就沒(méi)有來(lái)。
(4)過(guò)去完成時(shí)用在hardly / scarcely…when…和no sooner…than 固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began. 地上的霜一消散，人們就開(kāi)始工作了。
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他剛一到, 她就開(kāi)始抱怨起來(lái)。
(5) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)用于條件分句或wish / would rather等后面的that從句中，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望。如：
I would have met him, if I had come this morning. 今天早晨我來(lái)的話，就會(huì)見(jiàn)到他了。
I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我昨天見(jiàn)到你多好。
He would rather she had lent him more money than she did.他本希望她借給他的錢(qián)更多些。
3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前(即過(guò)去的過(guò)去)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間，即它相對(duì)于一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)間而言，并在其過(guò)去。這種相對(duì)的“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”有時(shí)通過(guò)一定的時(shí)間副詞(狀語(yǔ))體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，有時(shí)則可能是通過(guò)一定的上下文來(lái)體現(xiàn)：
I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丟失的表。
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安靜，大家都睡覺(jué)了。
—Was Jack at the office? —杰克在辦公室嗎?
— No, he’d gone home. 不在，回家了。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但有時(shí)某個(gè)動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，但卻也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如：
�、佼�(dāng)幾個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作用and, then, but等連接, 且按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序表達(dá)時(shí)，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
She set out soon after dark and arrived home one hour later. 他天黑后不久動(dòng)身，一小時(shí)后到家。
On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期六下午，格林夫人去市場(chǎng)買(mǎi)了些香蕉，看了她的堂兄。
I bought a radio but lost it. 我買(mǎi)了一部收音機(jī)，但丟了。
�、谟蒩fter, before, as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，由于這些連詞已經(jīng)清楚地表明了主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后順序，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
I told them the news after you (had) left. 你走后我把這消息告訴了他們。
As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again. 我剛把電話一放下，它又響了。
�、墼谝欢ǖ恼Z(yǔ)境中，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)想法或打算的過(guò)去完成時(shí)也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示：
He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同我們一起來(lái)的，但他太忙了。
I thought I could go, but I can’t. 我原認(rèn)為我能去，但我(現(xiàn)在)去不了。
【注】若沒(méi)有明確的語(yǔ)境，則宜用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，否則可能有歧義，如說(shuō)I hoped to pass the examination. 它只表明過(guò)去想通過(guò)考試，但并未說(shuō)明通過(guò)與否。如說(shuō) I had hoped to pass the examination，則表示過(guò)去想通過(guò)考試，但實(shí)際上未通過(guò)。不過(guò)在過(guò)去式后接不定式的完成式也可明確表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，如 I hoped to have passed the examination。
【英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的考點(diǎn)】相關(guān)文章：
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